ABSHER, J.D. & LEE, R.G., 1981. Density as an Incomplete Cause
of Crowding in Backcountry Settings. Leisure Sciences
4(3):231-247.
ADELMAN, B.J., HEBERLEIN, T.A. & BONNICKSON, T.M., 1982.
Social Psychological Explanations for the Persistance of a Conflict
between Paddling Canoeists and Motorcraft Users in the Boundary
Waters Canoe Area. Leisure Sciences 5(1):45-61.
AJZEN, I. & DRIVER, B.L., 1992. Application of the Theory
of Planned Behaviour to Leisure Choice. Journal of Leisure
Research, 24(3):207-224.
AJZEN, I., 1991. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organisational
Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 50:179-211.
ANDERSON, D. H. & P.J. BROWN. 1984. The displacement process
in recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 5(1):61-73.
AXELROD, R., 1984. The Evolution of Co-operation. Penguin
Books, London, U.K.
BABBIE, E., 1989. The Practice of Social Research. Wadsworth
Publishing Company, California, U.S.A., 5th Edition.
BAKER, N., 1990. "Mountain Bike Management: a Tale of Three
Cities." Western Wildlands Fall: 36-39.
Banks Peninsula Times 10th March, 1992. Errant Bikes Raise
Ire of Landowners. P.4.
BARKER, R.M., 1989. Tramping and Specialisation Theory. Trampers
and guided walkers in the Greenstone Valley. Unpublished Masters
of Applied Science Thesis, Lincoln University-College, Canterbury.
BARNES, B., 1992. Status Groups and Collective Action. Sociology
26(2):259-270.
BELENKY, M.F., CLINCHY, B.M., GOLDBERGER, N.R. & TARULE, J.M.,
1986. Women's Ways of Knowing: Development of Self, Voice
and Mind. Basic Books, U.S.A.
BELL, K. 1991. hearing voices: a feminist approach. New Zealand
Journal of Geography 92:4-5.
BERCOVITCH, J., 1984. Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies
of Conflict Resolution, Westview Press, Colorado.
BERNO, T., 1995. Cross-Cultural Research Methods: Content or
Context? A Cook Islands Case Study. In R. Butler (ed.) Tourism
and Indigenous Peoples, (In Press).
BLUMENTHAL, T., 1990. S.O.S.: Save our Sport Through Activism
and Education. Bicycling May:108-111.
BRITTON, S., 1991. Tourism, Capital and Place: towards a Critical
Geography of Tourism. Environment and Planning D: Society
and Space 9:451-478.
BROMLEY, D.W., 1992. The Commons, Property, and Common Property
Regimes. In Bromley, D.W. (ed.), Making the Commons Work:
Theory Practice and Policy, ICS Press, San Francisco, p.3-15.
BROWN, R., 1988. Group Processes: Dynamics within and between
Groups. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
BRUNSON, M.W., & SHELBY, B., 1993. Recreation Substitutability:
a Research Agenda. Leisure Sciences 15:67-74.
BRYAN, H. 1979. Conflict in the Great Outdoors: toward understanding
and managing for diverse sportsman preferences. Birmingham,
Alabama: Bureau of Public Administration, University of Alabama.
BRYAN, H., 1977. Leisure Value Systems and Recreation Specialization:
the case of Trout Fishermen, Journal of Leisure Research
9:174-187.
BURCH, W.R. JR, 1969. The Social Circles of Leisure Competing
Explanations. Journal of Leisure Research 1(2):125-145.
BURY, R.L., S.M. HOLLAND, D.N. MCEWEN, 1983. Analysing Recreational
Conflict. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 38:401-403.
BUTLER, R.W., 1982. The Development of Snowmobiles in Canada.
In Wall, G. & Marsh, J.S.(eds), Recreational Land Use:
Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada. Carlton Library
Series, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, Canada, pp365-390.
BUTLER, R.W., 1974. How to Control 1,000,000 Snowmobiles? Canadian
Geographical Journal 88:4-13.
CANTERBURY UNITED COUNCIL, 1986. Port Hills Recreation Study.
Vol. 1: Summary and Conclusions, Report No. 378, September, 1986.
CESSFORD, G.R. 1987, Recreation in the Greenstone and Caples Valleys:
for whom and how? Unpublished M Appl.Sc. Thesis. Lincoln College;
University of Canterbury. (impacts)
CHAFETZ, J.S., 1988. Feminist Sociology: an Overview of Contemporary
Theories. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., Illinois.
CHAVEZ, D.J., WINTER, P.L. & BAAS, J.M., 1993. Recreational
Mountain-Biking: A Management Perspective. Journal of Parks
and Recreation Administration 11(3):29-36.
COELLO, D., 1989. Vicious Cycles? Sierra, May/ June:50-54.
COLLINS, R., 1990. Conflict Theory and the Advance of Macro-
Historical Sociology. In G. Ritzer (ed.), Frontiers of Social
Theory: the New Syntheses, Columbia University Press, New
York, U.S.A.
COUGHLIN, D.P., 1994. Recreation Resource Conflict, Utilisation
and Allocation. Unpublished Dissertation submitted in part
fulfillment of Post-Graduate Diploma in Tourism, University of
Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
CRAIB, I., 1984. Modern Social Theory: From Parsons to Habermas.
Harvester Press, Great Britain.
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M., 1985. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety,
Jossey-Bass, London, U.K.
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M., 1988. The Flow Experience and its Significance
for Human Psychology. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I.S Csikzentmihalyi
(eds.) Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in
Consciousness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp15-35.
CUBIT, S., 1990. Horse Riding in National Parks: some Critical
Issues. Australian Parks and Recreation 26(4):39-41.
CUSHMAN, G.J., MOORE, K. & SIMMONS, D.G., 1994. Conceptualising
Tourism and Leisure. ??
DENZIN, N.K., 1989. The Research Act: a Theoretical Introduction
to Sociological Methods. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 3rd Edition.
DEVALL, B. & HARRY, J., 1981. Who Hates Whom in the Great
Outdoors: the Impact of Recreational Speicalisation and Technologies
of Play. Leisure Sciences 4(4)399-418.
DEVLIN, P.J., 1993. Outdoor Recreation and Environment: Towards
an understanding of the Use of the Outdoors in New Zealand. In
H. Perkins and G. Cushman (eds.), Leisure Recreation and Tourism,
Longman Paul, Auckland, New Zealand.
DEVLIN, P.J. & O'CONNOR, K.F., 1988. Exploring relationships
of recreation users, impacts and management. In In B. Craig (ed)
Environmental Monitoring in NZ with emphasis on Protected Natural
areas. Proceedings of a Symposium, Dunedin, May 1988. Department
of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z.
DIETERICH, M.M., (Undated, c.1992). U.S.A.: "Have a Nice Day". The Ultimate Ride Guide
Special Editon from the Publishers of Mountain Biker.
DITTON, R.B., FEDLER, A.J. & GRAEFE, A.R., 1983. Factors
Contributing to Perceptions of Recreational Crowding. Leisure
Sciences 5(4):273-288.
DRIVER, B.L., BROWN, P.J., STANKEY, G.H. & GREGOIRE, T.G.,
1987. The ROS Planning System: Evolution, Basic Concepts, and
Research Needed. Leisure Sciences, 9:209-212.
DRIVER, B.L. & TOCHER, R.C., 1970. Toward a Behavioural Interpretation
of Recreational Engagements, with Implications for Planning.
In B.L. Driver (ed.) Elements of Outdoor Recreation Planning,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
DRIVER, B.L. & BASSETT, J.R., 1975. Defining Conflicts Among
River Users: a Case Study of Michigan's Au Sable River, Naturalist
26(1):19-23.
Dunedin Star Midweek, Wednesday 27th May, 1992. "Problems
with Mountain Bikes".
DUNN, D.R., 1970. Motorized Recreation Vehicles. Parks and
Recreation, 5(7):10-14 & 46-52.
DUNN, D.R., 1980. Future Leisure Resources. In T.L. Goodale &
P.A. Witt (eds.) Recreation and Leisure: Issues in an Era of
Change, Venture Publishing, State College, Pennsylvania, p.115-124.
DUSTIN, D.L., MCAVOY, L., 1984. "The Limitation of the Traffic
Light." Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration
2:28-32.
ELLIS, G.D., & WITT, P.A., 1991. Conceptualization and Measurement
of Leisure: Making the Abstract Concrete. In T.L. Goodale &
P.A. Witt, Recreation and Leisure: Issues in an Era of Change,
Venture Publishing Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,
p.377-395.
EYLES, J., 1985. Sense of Place. Silverbrook Press, Cheshire.
FELDMAN, B., 1988. Hikers vs. Bikers: the Sierra Club Revises
its Mountain-Bike Policy. Mountain Bike, October: 25-28.
FESTINGER, L., 1962. Cognitive Dissonance. In Science, Conflict
and Society: Readings from Scientific American, (with introduction
from Garrett Hardin). W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1969.
FINK, C.F., 1968. Some Conceptual Difficulties in the Theory
of Social Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 12:412-460.
FYFFE, L., 1992. On the Ascent. Sport and Leisure 32:p.6,20-21.
Getting Into Gear: Mountain Biking in Colorado, Proceedings
of a Statewide Symposium, Sept. 14th, 1990, Tamarran Resort, Durango,
Colorado.
GIDDENS, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society. Polity
Press, Cambridge, U.K.
GLASER, B.G. & STRAUSS, A.L., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded
Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, London.
GLEICK, J., 1987. Chaos: Making a New Science. Viking,
New York.
GODBEY, G., 1985. Leisure in Your Life: an Exploration.
Venture Publishing, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, 2nd Edition.
GOODALE, T & G. GODBEY, 1988. The Evolution of Leisure:
History and Philosophical Perspectives. Venture Publishing
Inc., State College, PA.
GRAMANN, J.H. BURDGE, R.J., 1981. The Effect of Recreation Goal
on Conflict Perception: the Case of Water Skiers and Fishermen.
Journal of Leisure Research 13(1):15-27.
GRAY, A., 1981. Why Teenage Girls Abandon Physical Activity.
In Papers and Reports from the 1981 Conference on Women and
Recreation 31/8 to 3/9, 1981. New Zealand Council for Recreation
and Sport, Wellington, New Zealand.
HAGGARD, L.M. & WILLIAMS, D.R., 1991. Self Identity Benefits
of Leisure Activities. In B.L.Driver, P.J. Brown & G.L. Peterson
(eds), Benefits of Leisure, Venture Publishing Company,
State College, Pennsylvania. pp.103-119.
HAMMITT, W.E., 1988. The Spectrum of Conflict in Outdoor Recreation.
In Outdoor Recreation Benchmark, Proceedings of a National
Outdoor Recreation Forum, USDA Forest Service S.E. Forest Experiment
Station, General Technical Report SE-52, Tampa, Florida.
HARDIN, G. 1968. Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162:1243-1248.
HENDERSON, K.A., 1990. Reality Comes Through a Prism: Method
Choices in Leisure Research. Society and Leisure 13(1):169-188.
HEYWOOD, J.L., 1993. "Game Theory: a Basis for Analysing
Emerging Norms and Conventions in Outdoor Recreation." Leisure
Sciences 15:37-48.
HILLARY COMMISSION, 1992. Notes from the Mountain-Bike Workshop
held at the Hillary Commission on Thursday 5th March, 1992, Wellington.
HISLOP, B., 1989. Commercial Activity and Management of Prime
Protected Natural Area. In D.A. Norton, Management of New
Zealand's Natural Estate, Proceedings of a Symposium of the
New Zealand Ecological Society held at the University of Otago,
Dunedin 22-25th August, 1988, New Zealand Ecological Society
Occasional Publication No. 1, 1989, p.54-55.
ISO-AHOLA, S.E., 1986. A Theory of Substitutability of Leisure
Behaviour. Leisure Sciences 8:367-389.
ISO-AHOLA, S.E. & MANNELL, R.C., 1985. Social and Psychological
Constraints on Leisure. In Wade, M.G. (Ed.), Constraints on
Leisure. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
IVY, M.I., STEWART, W.P. & LUE, C., 1992. Exploring the Role
of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict. Journal of Leisure
Research 24(4):348-360.
JACKSON, E.L., 1987. Outdoor Recreation Participation and Views
on Resource Development and Preservation. Leisure Sciences
9(4):235-250.
JACKSON, E. 1989. Perceptions and Decisions. In G. Wall (ed) Outdoor
Recreation in Canada. John Wiley and Sons, Canada.
JACKSON, E.L. & WONG, R.A.G., 1982. Perceived Conflict between
Urban Cross-Country Skiers and Snowmobilers in Alberta. Journal
of Leisure Research, 14(1):47-62.
JACOB, G.R. & R. SCHREYER, 1980. Conflict in Outdoor Recreation: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Leisure Research 12:368-380.
JACOBY, J., 1990. Mountain Bikes: a New Dilemma for Wildland Recreation
Managers? Western Wildlands Spring: 25-28.
JAMESON, F., 1984. Postmodenism, or the Cultural Logic of Capitalism.
New Left Review 146:53-93.
KELLER, K., 1990. Mountain-Bikes on Public Lands: a Manager's
Guide to the State of Practice. Bicycle Federation of America,
Washington DC.
KELLY, J.R., 1991. Sources of Leisure Styles. In T.L. Goodale
and P.A. Witt, Recreation and Leisure: Issues in an Era of
Change, Venture Publishing Inc., State College, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., 3rd Edition, p.201-212.
KELLY, J., 1990. Leisure. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.,
2nd Edition.
KENNETT, P., KENNETT, S., & KENNETT, J., 1993. Classic
Mountain-Bike Rides. Kennett Brothers, Wellington, New Zealand.
KITA, J., 1986. In the Outback. Bicycling, March, 1986:69-77.
KNOPP, T.B. & TYGER, J.D., 1973. Study of Conflict in Recreational
Land Use: Snowmobiling versus Skiing. Journal of Leisure Research
5(3):6-17.
KREISBERG, L. 1973. The Sociology of Social Conflicts.
Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
LANDIS, J.R., 1992. Sociology: conscepts and Characteristics,
Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 8th edition.
LANGER, E.J., 1991. Mindfulness: Choice and Control in Everyday
Life. Collins-Harvill, London, U.K..
LEE, R.G., 1972. The Social Definition of Outdoor Recreational
Places. In W.R. Burch and N.H.Cheek & L. Taylor (eds.),
Social Behaviour, Natural Resources and the Environment.
Harper and Rowe, NY, 68-74.
LILLI, W. & REHM, J., 1988. Judgemental Processes as Bases
of Intergroup Conflict. In W. Stroebe, A. Kruglanski, D. Bartal
and M Hewstone (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup
Conflict: Theory, Research and Applications. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, p29-45.
LOFLAND, J. & LOFLAND, L.H., 1984. Analyzing Social Settings:
a Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Wadsworth
Publishing Co., Belmont, California, 2nd Edition.
LYNCH, P., 1991. Girls and Outdoor Education. Unpublished
M. Ed. thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin.
MANNING, R.E. 1986. Studies in Outdoor Recreation. Oregon
State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.
MCKERROW, B., 1989. Environmental Issues Mind Over Matter? Adventure
Supplement July/August:9.
MEYER, A., 1985. This Bike Can go Anywhere: That's What Worries
Wilderness Lovers, National Parks, May/ June: 12-13.
MITCHELL, G.D. (Ed.), 1968. A Dictionary of Sociology.
Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
MOORE, R.L., & GRAEFE, A.R., 1994. Attachments to Recreation
Settings: The Case of Rail-Trail Users. Leisure Sciences
16:17-31.
MOORHEAD, & GRIFFIN 1989. Organisational Behaviour.
Houghton Mifflin Publishing, Boston.
MULGAN, R., 1994. Politics in New Zealand. Auckland University
Press, Auckland, New Zealand.
MULLEN, B., 1985. Introduction: the Study of Group Behaviour.
In Mullen, B. & Goethals, G.R., Theories of Group Behaviour,
Springer-Verlag, New York, p.1-20.
NIELSEN, J.M., B. SHELBY & J.E.HAAS. 1977. Sociological Carrying
capacity capacity and the last settler syndrome. Pacific Sociological
Review 20(4)568-581. PHOTOCOPY
OSKAMP, S., 1977. Attitudes and Opinions. Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
OWENS, P.L., 1985. Conflict as a Social Interaction Process in
Environment and Behaviour Research: the Example of Leisure and
Recreation Research. Journal of Environmental Psychology 5:243-259.
PARKER, S.R., 1971. The Future of Leisure and Work. MacGibbon
and Kee, London, U.K.
PERKINS, H.C., 1988. The Country and the Town: the Role of Real
Estate Developers in the Construction of the Meaning of Place.
Journal of Rural Studies 5(1):61-74.
PERSIG, R., 1974. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.
Corgi Books ??
PRIESMEYER, H.R., 1992. Organisations and Chaos: Defining the
Methods of Non-Linear Management. Quorum Books, Westport,
Connecticut.
PRYOR, J.B. & OSTROM, T.M., 1985. Social Cognition Theory
of Group Processes. In Mullen, B. & Goethals, G.R., Theories
of Group Behaviour, Springer-Verlag, New York, p.147-184.
ROJEK, C., 1985. Capitalism and Leisure Theory. Tavistock
Publications, London, U.K.
ROJEK, C., 1993. Leisure and De-differentiation. Society
and Leisure, 16(1):15-29.
ROSENBERG, A., 1988. Philosopy of Social Science, Dimensions
of Philosophy Series, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
ROSS, L.; NISBETT, R.E., 1991. The Person and the Situation:
Perspectives of Social Psychology. Temple University Press,
Philadelphia.
RUDDELL, E.J. & GRAMANN, J.H., 1994. Goal Orientation, Norms
and Noise Induced Conflict among Recreational Area Users. Leisure
Sciences 16:93-104.
RUNGE, C.F., 1992. Common Property and Collective Action in Economic
Development. In Bromley, D.W. (ed.), Making the Commons Work:
Theory Practice and Policy, ICS Press, San Francisco, p.17-39.
SARAH GERARD & ASSOCIATES, 1992. Mountain Biking on the
Port Hills and Christchurch Urban Area. A Draft Discussion
and Proposals Document, May 1992, Christchurch City Council and
Selwyn District Council.
SCHERL, L.M., 1989. Self in Wilderness: Understanding the Psychological
Benefits of Individual-Wilderness Interaction through Self-Control.
Leisure Sciences 11:123-135.
SCHREYER, R., D.W. LIME, D.R. WILLIAMS, 1984. Characterising the
Influence of Past Experience on Recreation Behaviour. Journal
of Leisure research 16(1):34-50.
SCHREYER, R., 1990. Conflict in Outdoor Recreation. In: Social
Science and Natural Resource Management. J.Vining (ed.).
Westview Press Boulder, Colorado.
SCHREYER, R. & J.W. ROGGENBUCK 1978. The influence of Experience
Expectation on Crowding Perceptions and Social-Psychological Carrying
Capacities. Leisure Sciences 1(4):373-394.
SCHWEIZER TOURISMUS-VERBAND, 1991. Mountain Bicycling: Signalling
Radical Change. STV Bulletin, 1:13-14, in CAB Abstracts,
1990-91.
SCOTT, D. & GODBEY, G.C., 1990. Reorienting Leisure Research
- the Case for Qualitative Methods. Society and Leisure
13(1):189-205.
SHELBY, B., 1980. Contrasting Recreational Experiences: Motors
and Oars in the Grand Canyon. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
May June, 129-131.
SHELBY, B., T.A.HEBERLEIN, J.J. VASKE, G. ALFANO, 1983. Expectations,
preferences and Feeling Crowded in Recreational Activities. Leisure
Sciences 6(1):1-13.
SHELBY, B. & VASKE, J.J., 1991. Resource and Activity Substitutes
for Recreational Salmon Fishing in New Zealand. Leisure Sciences
13:21-32.
SIMMONS, D. 1985. Integrating formal and informal research methods.
Les Cahiers du Tourism. 44:20-23. Centre des Haute Etudes
Touristique. Provence, France.
SIDAWAY, R. & THOMPSON, D., 1991. Upland Recreation: the
Limits of Acceptable Change. Ecos, 12(1):31-39.
SIMMONS, D.G. AND DEVLIN, P.J., 1982. The Recreational Hunter:
Lake Sumner Forest Park. Department of Horticulture, Landscape
and Parks Bulletin 33 Lincoln College.
SMITH, S.J., 1984. Practising Humanistic Geography. Annals
of the Association of American Geographers, 74(3):353-374.
SPRUNG, G., 1990. Kokopelli's Trail: It's What Volunteers with
a Vision can Accomplish. Bicycling February:19-20.
STANKEY, G.H. & WOOD, J., 1982. The Recreation Opportunity
Spectrum: an Introduction. Australian Parks and Recreation,
February, p.5-13.
STOKOWSKI, P.A., 1994. Leisure in Society: a Network Structural
Perspective. Tourism, Leisure and Recreation Series, Mansell
Publishing Ltd., London, U.K.
STOKOWSKI, P.A. & LEE, R.G., 1991. The Influence of Social
Network Ties on Recreation and Leisure: An Exploratory Study.
Journal of Leisure Research 23(2):95-113.
SUTTON, S., 1992. Kapiti Island: a Case Study in Social Impact
Assessment (Setting the Limits). Unpublished M. Appl. Sci.
Thesis, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, Lincoln University,
New Zealand.
The Christchurch Press, Monday 20th July, 1992. "Mountain
bike report upsets".
THE PRESS, 7th July, 1992, Mountain-Bike Report Upsets,
Christchurch, N.Z.
TILLET, G., 1991. Resolving Conflict: a Practical Approach.
Sydney University Press, Australia.
VIRDEN, R.J. & R. SCHREYER 1988. Recreation specialisation
as an indicator of environmental preference. Environment
and Behaviour 20(6):721-739.
VOLLBON, T., 1990. Horse Riding in National Parks: a Management
View. Australian Parks and Recreation 26(4):45-47.
WALDROP, M.M., 1992. Complexity: the Emerging Science at the
Edge of Order and Chaos. Penguin Books, London, United Kingdom.
WATSON, A.E., D.R. WILLIAMS, J.J. DAIGLE. 1991. Sources of Conflict
Between Hikers and Mountain Bike Riders in the Rattlesnake NRA.
Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration 9(3):59-71.
WEARING, B. & WEARING, S., 1992. Identity and the Commodification
of Leisure. Leisure Studies 11:3-18.
WILLIAMS, D.R., PATTERSON,M.E., ROGGENBUCK, J.W.& WATSON,
A.E., 1992. beyond the Commodity Metaphor: Examining the Emotional
and Symbolic Attachment to Place. Leisure Sciences 14:29-46.
WORCHEL, S., COOPER, J. & GOETHALS, G., 1991. Understanding
Social Psychology. Brooks/ Cole Publishing Company, Pacific
Grove, California.