WPC 2BJZCourier#|L x6X@KX@IBM 4039 Lexmark Network PS LaserI4LASEPS.PRSx  @hhhhYX@USUK  X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:@  U Table 1  Table 1  U 1  1  1  1  3'3'Standard6&A46&A49 LaserPrinter SLf} 2 }#|L }chead3g 3heading 3=k<@ #:x2p}wC iX## o\  PC+XP#2U  Z head2g 2Heading 2@/?j+ #2p}wC9##o\  PC+XP#IBM 4039 Lexmark Network PS LaserI4LASEPS.PRSo\  PChhhhYXPUSUK  X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:@  U Table 1  Table 1  U 1  1  1  1  3'3'Standard6&A46&A4LaserI4LASEPS.PRSo\ } "m^ANoϨANN[ANAANN䨨A¨ܜNANANAAAϏ[Nu[A[NANN'NNNNNNNNNNAϨAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAܨ[[[NNNܶuuuA[NNRANVUÂNN8uuNNAuN2U D"m^;Geww;GGS};G;;wwwwwwwwwwGG}}}К;wɎG;G}w;wwwG;;w;SwGwwwkSd<d<$YYdCCddooCYXhh4>>Im4>44hhhhhhhhhh>>mmmr}r4hr}}r}}}r>4>mh4hrhrh>rr44h4rrrrIh>rhhh]I4Im>4>>>>>>>>>>>>r4hhhhhh}h}h}h}h44444444rrrrrrrrr}hhrrr}hr}rhhhhhhhr}h}h}h}hrrrrrrrr44444444hhr4r4r4r4r4rrrrrrIII}h}h}h}hr>r>r>rrrrrr}hr]r]r]rr4rI}hr>}h}hrrrNA4hh>rhhhhhEDh>h>,]]h>>hhrr4]>"^JY~JYYhJYJJYYJYJYJ;whKhYJYY -YYYYYYYYYYJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ hhhYYYJhYN]JYcaYY? YY  J Y"m^(5APP|555PZ(5(,PPPPPPPPPP,,ZZZGtkktbYtt5>tbttYtkYbttttb5,5KP5GPGPG5PP,,P,|PPPP5>,PPtPPGM MW5(555555555555P,tGtGtGtGtGkkGbGbGbGbG5,5,5,5,tPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtGtPtPtPtPtPYPtGtGtGkGkGkGkGtPbGbGbGbGtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtP5,5,5,5,>tPb,b,b,b,b,tPtPtPtPtPtPtk5k5k5Y>Y>Y>Y>b,b,b,tPtPtPtPtPtPttPbGbGbGtPb,tPk5Y>b,tPtPtPtPtPN8(HP5GPPPPP,2xxP0zzPx0GGP55PPYY5G0ZZXXr,Z55XXXr{rrZ``@Z,rO(Bn``{rrrrF{{{``iOXXXrrrtekX`BbObFbOt`wS55tXnXPtSgOtX{XYX_`FbFn\zStXn{neF`55X\\nec`reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeFFFFFFF````````````````````555555555555XXXXXXX\\\\\\\\\\\\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnntbt5tn{5nX2 1c$% (cD* c-"m^2CRddCCCdq2C28dddddddddd88qqqYzoCNzoozzC8C^dCtkktbYtt5>tbttYtkYbttttb`(`lC2CC!CCCCCCCCCCd8YYYYYYzYzYzYzYC8C8C8C8ddddddddddYdddddodYYYYYYYdzYzYzYzYddddddddC8C8C8C8Ndz8z8z8z8z8ddddddCCCoNoNoNoNz8z8z8dddddddzYzYzYdz8dCoNz8dddddNF2[dCYddddd7>d<d<$YYdCCddooCYd<d<+oodCCddddCo<чnn8!BBnnnyyP7c1RyyXyycnnnѐ~nyRzczXzcyhCBnndhcnnonvyXzXshn~XyBBnss~|y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~XXXXXXXyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyBBBBBBBBBBBBnnnnnnnsssssssssssszCCn"m^(1<YJ  2p}wC 1G; `2p}wC&>YJ  2p}wC zt,Y5( gY\  PCP!7oC2+o\  PCXP4 "5nC2Ӯn*f9 xCXXz(W!C(kSAC\  PChP,p>4 Ip2p}wC0  6NA 92p}wC $/xC8 i:x2p}wCX#7tC2.?t4  p(ACXD*1sC8?X:s2PkCXP+1sC8In:s2x(CXXz,y.]8*a]\  PCP-y.a8*.Oja4  p(AC/xC8[&:x2x4vCXTimes RomanHelvetica BoldTimes Roman ItalicTimes Roman BoldHelveticaHelvetica ObliqueHelvetica Bold Oblique2GFZI"m^8C_oo8CCNu8C88ooooooooooCCuuuzÐz8ozzzC8Cuo8ozozoCzz88o8zzzzNoCzooodN8NuC8CC!CCCCCCCCCCz8oooooȲooooo88888888zzzzzzzzzoozzzozzooooooozoooozzzzzzzz88888888ooz8z8z8z8z8zzzzzzȽNNNoooozCzCzCzzzzzzozdzdzdzz8zNozCoozzzNF8ooCzoooooJIoCoC0ddoCCoozz8dCU$ \P )Contains Data for q Postscript Only.TK`%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-1.2 %%Creator: BGI by Borland International %%Title: BGI Graphics %%BoundingBox: 24 185 587 608 %***************************************************************** % File: preamble.bgi % Postscript preamble file for BGI Postscript driver % (c) Copyright 1989 Borland International % Last Update: 2-28-90 international %***************************************************************** %%EndComments save /dic 12 dict def /RES { dic begin /cn exch def /new exch def /bf exch def /bd bf findfont def /fo bd maxlength dict def bd { exch dup /FID ne { dup /Encoding eq { exch dup length array copy fo 3 1 roll put } { exch fo 3 1 roll put } ifelse } { pop pop } ifelse } forall fo /FontName new put cn aload pop cn length 2 idiv { fo /Encoding get 3 1 roll put } repeat new fo definefont pop end } def % 1-30-90 /pcVector [ 16#00 /circumflex 16#01 /grave 16#02 /dieresis 16#03 /tilde 16#04 /acute 16#05 /cedilla 16#06 /ring 16#07 /slash 16#08 /caron 16#80 /Ccedilla 16#81 /udieresis 16#82 /eacute 16#83 /acircumflex 16#84 /adieresis 16#85 /agrave 16#86 /aring 16#87 /ccedilla 16#88 /ecircumflex 16#89 /edieresis 16#8a /egrave 16#8b /idieresis 16#8c /icircumflex 16#8d /igrave 16#8e /Adieresis 16#8f /Aring 16#90 /Eacute 16#91 /ae 16#92 /AE 16#93 /ocircumflex 16#94 /odieresis 16#95 /ograve 16#96 /ucircumflex 16#97 /ugrave 16#98 /ydieresis 16#99 /Odieresis 16#9a /Udieresis 16#9b /oslash 16#9c /sterling 16#9d /Oslash 16#9f /florin 16#a0 /aacute 16#a1 /iacute 16#a2 /oacute 16#a3 /uacute 16#a4 /ntilde 16#a5 /Ntilde 16#a6 /ordfeminine 16#a7 /ordmasculine 16#a8 /questiondown 16#ad /exclamdown 16#ae /guillemotleft 16#af /guillemotright 16#b0 /space 16#b1 /space 16#b2 /space 16#b3 /space 16#b7 /idieresis 16#b9 /Agrave 16#ba /currency 16#bb /sterling 16#bc /Ecircumflex 16#bd /section 16#be /Acircumflex 16#bf /Egrave 16#c0 /yen 16#c2 /cent 16#c3 /Ugrave 16#c8 /atilde 16#cb /space 16#d1 /Icircumflex 16#d2 /atilde 16#d3 /otilde 16#d4 /scaron 16#d5 /zcaron 16#d6 /Ydieresis 16#da /Atilde 16#df /Ocircumflex 16#e0 /a 16#e1 /germandbls 16#e2 /c 16#e3 /p 16#e4 /s 16#e5 /s 16#e6 /m 16#e7 /t 16#e9 /t 16#ea /o 16#eb /d 16#ec /i 16#ed /Oslash 16#ee /e 16#f0 /Aacute 16#f1 /germandbls ] def % end 1-30-90 /OP { bgiFill 0 ne bgiRes 0 eq and bgiFill 1 eq or % 1 = SolidFill { 1 CurrentFill ne { level0 } if bgiFillColor % stack: (color) dup /CurrentColor exch def % set color bgiRes 1 eq { bgiGrayTable exch get setgray } { setbgicolor } ifelse }{ % stack: - 0 bgiFill eq % 0 = HollowFill { }{ bgiFill dup 15 gt { pop }{ % stack: bgiFill dup bgiRes 0 ne exch 9 ne and { level0 bgiPatTable exch get setpatterndict begin /bstring exch def /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def %9.375 0 /spot load setscreen 18.75 0 /spot load setscreen {} settransfer offbits offbits onbits add div end setgray }{ pop level0 % for pattern 9 0.3 setgray } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse /CurrentFill bgiFill def newpath } bind def /toStack { bgiMono bgiFill bgiColor bgiFillColor bgiSize bgiFont bgiAttrib bgiOrient bgiRes x0Clip y0Clip x1Clip y1Clip } def /fromStack { /y1Clip exch def /x1Clip exch def /y0Clip exch def /x0Clip exch def /bgiRes exch def /bgiOrient exch def /bgiAttrib exch def /bgiFont exch def /bgiSize exch def /bgiFillColor exch def /bgiColor exch def /bgiFill exch def /bgiMono exch def } def /level0 { toStack Memory0 restore fromStack /Memory0 save def newpath x0Clip y0Clip moveto x0Clip y1Clip lineto x1Clip y1Clip lineto x1Clip y0Clip lineto closepath clip newpath /Memory1 save def /CurrentFont -1 def /CurrentColor 0 def } def /CL { closepath dup 1 eq { DO } if dup 2 eq { gsave 0 CurrentFill ne % 0 = Hollow fill { fill } if grestore DO } if 3 eq { 0 CurrentFill ne % 0 = Hollow fill { fill } if } if } bind def /DO % draw outline { bgiMono false eq { % color printer bgiColor setbgicolor } { 0.0 setgray } ifelse stroke } def /setpatterndict 18 dict def /spot { 1 add 4 mul cvi exch 1 add 4 mul cvi /xbit exch def /ybit exch def bstring ybit xbit -3 bitshift add get 1 7 xbit 7 and sub bitshift and 0 ne { /onbits onbits 1 add def 1} { /offbits offbits 1 add def 0} ifelse } bind def /bgiFontTable [ [ /AvantGarde-Book -96 58 739] [ /AvantGarde-BookOblique -96 58 739] [ /AvantGarde-Demi -92 90 739] [ /AvantGarde-DemiOblique -92 90 39] [ /Bookman-Demi -121 106 725] [ /Bookman-DemiItalic -106 106 732] [ /Bookman-Light -125 60 717] [ /Bookman-LightItalic -110 60 717] [ /Courier -82 40 624] [ /Courier-Bold -85 100 674] [ /Courier-BoldOblique -85 100 674] [ /Courier-Oblique -82 40 624] [ /Helvetica -97 73 729] [ /Helvetica-Bold -106 73 729] [ /Helvetica-BoldOblique -106 105 729] [ /Helvetica-Oblique -106 73 729] [ /Helvetica-Narrow -97 73 729] [ /Helvetica-Narrow-Bold -106 73 729] [ /Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique -106 73 729] [ /Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique -97 73 729] [ /NewCenturySchlbk-Bold -103 106 737] [ /NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic -102 54 737] [ /NewCenturySchlbk-Italic -102 42 737] [ /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman -103 61 737] [ /Palatino-Bold -98 44 719] [ /Palatino-BoldItalic -98 54 726] [ /Palatino-Italic -138 50 733] [ /Palatino-Roman -141 38 723] [ /Symbol -98 54 720] [ /Times-Bold -99 95 670] [ /Times-BoldItalic -98 54 682] [ /Times-Italic -96 48 684] [ /Times-Roman -109 49 682] [ /ZapfChancery-MediumItalic -120 50 678] [ /ZapfDingbats -98 54 720] ] def /bgiPatTable [ <0000000000000000> <0102040810204080> <8142241818244281> <8000080080000800> <8800220088002200> <081c22c180010204> <0001020400402010> ] def /bgiGrayTable [ 1.00 0.11 0.59 0.70 0.30 0.41 0.40 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.73 0.80 0.53 0.60 0.93 0.00 ] def /bgiColorTable [ [1 1 1] % white [0 0 1] % blue [0 1 0] % green [0 1 1] % cyan [1 0 0] % red [1 0 1] [0.67 0.33 0] % brown [1 1 1] % white [0.9 0.9 0.9] % gray [0.33 0.33 1] % lightblue [0.33 1 0.33] % lightgreen [0.33 1 1] % lightcyan [1 0.33 0.33] % lightred [1 0.33 1] % lightmagenta [1 1 0.33] % yellow [0 0 0] % black [0.75 0.75 0.75] % gray (color 7 on color printers) ] def /MT /moveto load def /LT /lineto load def /CP /closepath load def /NP /newpath load def /SD /setdash load def /SG /setgray load def /TR /translate load def /LW /setlinewidth load def /DL { moveto lineto DO } bind def /TW { 20 div exch 20 div exch moveto 20 div exch 20 div exch lineto DO } bind def /TB { 20 div 4 1 roll 20 div 4 1 roll 20 div 4 1 roll 20 div 4 1 roll DB } bind def /SC { /y1Clip exch def /x1Clip exch def /y0Clip exch def /x0Clip exch def level0 } bind def /ellipsedict 12 dict def ellipsedict /mtrx matrix put /SA % stack: x y xrad yrad start delta { % add an arc to the current path ellipsedict begin /delta exch 60.0 div def /startangle exch 60.0 div def /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /endangle startangle delta add def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 delta 0 gt {startangle endangle arc } {startangle endangle arcn} ifelse savematrix setmatrix end } bind def /DOARC % stack: x y xrad yrad start end { % add an arc to the current path ellipsedict begin /endangle exch def /startangle exch def bgiOrient 0 ne { exch } if /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc savematrix setmatrix end } bind def /FE % stack: x y xrad yrad for ellipse { gsave OP 0 360 DOARC 3 CL grestore DO } bind def /DB % stack: x1 y1 x0 y0 color { OP /y0 exch def /x0 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def newpath x0 y0 moveto x0 y1 lineto x1 y1 lineto x1 y0 lineto 3 CL } bind def /DF % stack: (attrib) (size) (font) { /bgiFont exch def % dup 6 eq {pop 7} if /bgiSize exch def /bgiAttrib exch def } bind def /FP % stack: (fill #) { dup 15 le { /bgiFill exch def }{ pop } ifelse } bind def /CO { % stack: (color) (fill color) dup 15 le { /bgiFillColor exch def} {pop} ifelse dup 15 le { /bgiColor exch def} {pop} ifelse } bind def /ST % start text % stack: - { CurrentSize bgiSize ne CurrentFont bgiFont ne or { currentpoint toStack Memory1 restore fromStack moveto /Memory1 save def /CurrentColor 0 def bgiFont dup /CurrentFont exch def % 1-4-90 don't reencode Symbol or ZapfDingbats fonts; dup dup 34 ne exch 28 ne and /bRES exch def % end 1-4-90 dup dup 8 ge exch 15 le and { dup 8 eq % courier { 0.93 } { dup 9 eq % courier-bold { 0.94 } { dup 11 eq % courier-bolditalic (1.02 expansion) { 0.95 } { dup 10 eq % courier-italic { 0.95 } { dup 12 eq % helvetica { 0.93 } { dup 13 eq % helvetica-bold { 0.96 } { dup 14 eq % helvetica-bolditalic { 0.93 } { dup 15 eq % helvetica-italic (1.02 expansion) { 0.96 } { 1 } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } { dup 32 eq % times-roman { 1 } { dup 29 eq % times-bold (1.02 expansion) { 0.95 } { dup 30 eq % times-boldoblique { 0.91 } { dup 31 eq %times-italic { 0.92 } { 1 % everything else } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse /CurrentCompress exch def bgiFontTable exch get % stack: [(font name) offset thick] dup 0 get % stack: array fontname exch dup 1 get /CurrentUnderlineOffset exch def dup 2 get /CurrentUnderlineThickness exch def 3 get /CurrentAscender exch bgiSize mul 1000.0 div def % 1-4-89 bRES { /thisFont pcVector RES /thisFont } if % end 1-4-89 findfont bgiSize dup /CurrentSize exch def scalefont setfont } if % set the text color or gray scale bgiMono false eq { % color printer stack: color setbgicolor } { % mono printer 0 eq % stack: color { 1.0 setgray} { 0.0 setgray} ifelse } ifelse } bind def /setbgicolor { dup 7 eq bgiMono not and { pop 16 } if bgiColorTable exch get % stack: [r g b] dup 0 get % stack: [r g b] r exch dup 1 get % stack: r [rgb] g exch 2 get % stack: r g b setrgbcolor } bind def /SH % stack: string tdir rot justx justy { /justy exch def /justx exch def 90 mul /rot exch def 0 ne % tdir is on the stack % (this will move into driver) { /justx 2 def } if dup stringwidth pop CurrentCompress mul /sx exch def sx justx mul -0.5 mul justy 0 eq { 0 % baseline aligned } { justy 1 eq { CurrentAscender 2 div neg % center aligned } { CurrentAscender neg % top aligned } ifelse } ifelse % underlining gsave rot rotate rmoveto bgiAttrib 4 and 0 ne % true if underlined, false otherwise { currentpoint CurrentUnderlineOffset CurrentSize mul 1000.0 div add /yval exch def /xval exch def bshow xval yval moveto sx xval add yval lineto CurrentUnderlineThickness CurrentSize mul 1000.0 div setlinewidth stroke } { bshow } ifelse grestore } bind def /bshow { CurrentCompress 1 eq { show } { dup length /len exch def len 0 ne { dup stringwidth pop /wid exch def CurrentCompress wid mul % (factor * wid) wid sub % (factor * wid) - wid len div % stack: string per_char_amt exch 0 exch ashow } if } ifelse } bind def /colorsetup { % exchange colors 0 and 15 bgiColorTable 0 get % stack: [r g b] bgiColorTable 15 get exch bgiColorTable 0 put bgiColorTable 15 put } bind def % ---- initialization /CurrentFill 1 def /CurrentFont -1 def /CurrentSize -1 def /CurrentColor 15 def /bgiMono 0 def /bgiFill 1 def /bgiColor 15 def /bgiFillColor 15 def /bgiSize 10 def /bgiFont 1 def /bgiOrient 0 def /bgiRes 1 def /bgiAttrib 0 def 1.415 setmiterlimit 0.5 setlinewidth /Memory0 save def /Memory1 save def 0 0 moveto %%EndProlog 24 185 587 608 SC /bgiRes 0 def /bgiMono true def /bgiOrient 0 def 0 17 12 DF 611 1 0 792 SC 1 255 CO 587 185 24 608 SC 15 255 CO [] 0 SD .75 LW 15 15 CO 0 FP 0 FP [] 0 SD .75 LW 1 15 CO 83 269 83 581 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 269 83 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 118 267 MT 0 13 12 DF 118 267 MT 15 ST (Scenery)0 0 0 2 SH 159 269 159 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 153 253 MT 153 253 MT 15 ST (Get away)0 0 0 2 SH 198 269 198 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 195 267 MT 195 267 MT 15 ST (Exercise)0 0 0 2 SH 237 269 237 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 236 253 MT 236 253 MT 15 ST (Explore)0 0 0 2 SH 276 269 276 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 279 267 MT 279 267 MT 15 ST (Social)0 0 0 2 SH 315 269 315 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 307 253 MT 307 253 MT 15 ST (Challenge)0 0 0 2 SH 354 269 354 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 335 267 MT 335 267 MT 15 ST (Back to basics)0 0 0 2 SH 393 269 393 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 401 253 MT 401 253 MT 15 ST (Skill)0 0 0 2 SH 431 269 431 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 426 267 MT 426 267 MT 15 ST (Compete)0 0 0 2 SH 470 269 470 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 475 253 MT 475 253 MT 15 ST (Other)0 0 0 2 SH 548 269 548 581 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 548 273 78 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 71 278 MT 71 278 MT 15 ST (0)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 312 83 312 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 312 78 312 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 317 MT 64 317 MT 15 ST (10)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 350 83 350 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 350 78 350 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 355 MT 64 355 MT 15 ST (20)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 389 83 389 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 389 78 389 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 393 MT 64 393 MT 15 ST (30)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 427 83 427 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 427 78 427 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 432 MT 64 432 MT 15 ST (40)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 466 83 466 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 466 78 466 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 470 MT 64 470 MT 15 ST (50)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 504 83 504 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 504 78 504 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 509 MT 64 509 MT 15 ST (60)0 0 0 2 SH [2 2] 0 SD .75 LW 548 542 83 542 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 83 542 78 542 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 547 MT 64 547 MT 15 ST (70)0 0 0 2 SH 548 581 78 581 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 64 585 MT 64 585 MT 15 ST (80)0 0 0 2 SH 548 273 78 273 DL [] 0 SD .75 LW 45 486 MT 0 15 12 DF 45 486 MT 15 ST (PERCENT \(n=147\))1 1 0 2 SH 548 273 78 273 DL 548 273 548 273 DL 1 FP 129 273 MT 152 273 129 302 DB 129 302 129 273 DL 152 302 129 302 DL 152 273 152 302 DL 129 273 152 273 DL 152 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 129 302 MT 152 302 129 363 DB 129 363 129 302 DL 152 363 129 363 DL 152 302 152 363 DL 129 302 152 302 DL 152 302 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 129 363 MT 152 363 129 448 DB 129 448 129 363 DL 152 448 129 448 DL 152 363 152 448 DL 129 363 152 363 DL 152 363 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 167 273 MT 190 273 167 302 DB 167 302 167 273 DL 190 302 167 302 DL 190 273 190 302 DL 167 273 190 273 DL 190 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 167 302 MT 190 302 167 331 DB 167 331 167 302 DL 190 331 167 331 DL 190 302 190 331 DL 167 302 190 302 DL 190 302 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 167 331 MT 190 331 167 393 DB 167 393 167 331 DL 190 393 167 393 DL 190 331 190 393 DL 167 331 190 331 DL 190 331 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 206 273 MT 229 273 206 417 DB 206 417 206 273 DL 229 417 206 417 DL 229 273 229 417 DL 206 273 229 273 DL 229 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 206 417 MT 229 417 206 500 DB 206 500 206 417 DL 229 500 206 500 DL 229 417 229 500 DL 206 417 229 417 DL 229 417 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 206 500 MT 229 500 206 565 DB 206 565 206 500 DL 229 565 206 565 DL 229 500 229 565 DL 206 500 229 500 DL 229 500 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 245 273 MT 268 273 245 305 DB 245 305 245 273 DL 268 305 245 305 DL 268 273 268 305 DL 245 273 268 273 DL 268 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 245 305 MT 268 305 245 363 DB 245 363 245 305 DL 268 363 245 363 DL 268 305 268 363 DL 245 305 268 305 DL 268 305 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 245 363 MT 268 363 245 394 DB 245 394 245 363 DL 268 394 245 394 DL 268 363 268 394 DL 245 363 268 363 DL 268 363 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 284 273 MT 307 273 284 300 DB 284 300 284 273 DL 307 300 284 300 DL 307 273 307 300 DL 284 273 307 273 DL 307 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 284 300 MT 307 300 284 318 DB 284 318 284 300 DL 307 318 284 318 DL 307 300 307 318 DL 284 300 307 300 DL 307 300 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 284 318 MT 307 318 284 349 DB 284 349 284 318 DL 307 349 284 349 DL 307 318 307 349 DL 284 318 307 318 DL 307 318 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 323 273 MT 346 273 323 347 DB 323 347 323 273 DL 346 347 323 347 DL 346 273 346 347 DL 323 273 346 273 DL 346 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 323 347 MT 346 347 323 414 DB 323 414 323 347 DL 346 414 323 414 DL 346 347 346 414 DL 323 347 346 347 DL 346 347 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 323 414 MT 346 414 323 450 DB 323 450 323 414 DL 346 450 323 450 DL 346 414 346 450 DL 323 414 346 414 DL 346 414 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 362 273 MT 385 273 362 276 DB 362 276 362 273 DL 385 276 362 276 DL 385 273 385 276 DL 362 273 385 273 DL 385 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 362 276 MT 385 276 362 289 DB 362 289 362 276 DL 385 289 362 289 DL 385 276 385 289 DL 362 276 385 276 DL 385 276 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 362 289 MT 385 289 362 294 DB 362 294 362 289 DL 385 294 362 294 DL 385 289 385 294 DL 362 289 385 289 DL 385 289 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 400 273 MT 424 273 400 295 DB 400 295 400 273 DL 424 295 400 295 DL 424 273 424 295 DL 400 273 424 273 DL 424 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 400 295 MT 424 295 400 321 DB 400 321 400 295 DL 424 321 400 321 DL 424 295 424 321 DL 400 295 424 295 DL 424 295 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 400 321 MT 424 321 400 360 DB 400 360 400 321 DL 424 360 400 360 DL 424 321 424 360 DL 400 321 424 321 DL 424 321 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 439 273 MT 462 273 439 276 DB 439 276 439 273 DL 462 276 439 276 DL 462 273 462 276 DL 439 273 462 273 DL 462 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 439 276 MT 462 276 439 287 DB 439 287 439 276 DL 462 287 439 287 DL 462 276 462 287 DL 439 276 462 276 DL 462 276 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 439 287 MT 462 287 439 297 DB 439 297 439 287 DL 462 297 439 297 DL 462 287 462 297 DL 439 287 462 287 DL 462 287 MT 1 6 CO 1 FP 1 15 CO 478 273 MT 501 273 478 300 DB 478 300 478 273 DL 501 300 478 300 DL 501 273 501 300 DL 478 273 501 273 DL 501 273 MT 1 15 CO 10 FP 1 8 CO 478 300 MT 501 300 478 313 DB 478 313 478 300 DL 501 313 478 313 DL 501 300 501 313 DL 478 300 501 300 DL 501 300 MT 1 8 CO 0 FP 1 6 CO 478 313 MT 501 313 478 332 DB 478 332 478 313 DL 501 332 478 332 DL 501 313 501 332 DL 478 313 501 313 DL 501 313 MT 1 6 CO 548 273 83 273 DL 15 6 CO [] 0 SD .75 LW 15 15 CO 0 FP [] 0 SD .75 LW 1 15 CO 1 0 CO 1 FP 436 195 175 222 DB 15 0 CO 437 222 175 222 DL 437 222 437 195 DL 175 195 437 195 DL 175 222 175 195 DL 15 15 CO 1 15 CO 181 203 MT 208 203 181 217 DB 181 217 181 203 DL 208 217 181 217 DL 208 203 208 217 DL 181 203 208 203 DL 208 203 MT 1 15 CO 214 216 MT 214 216 MT 15 ST (Rank 1)0 0 0 2 SH 10 FP 1 8 CO 264 203 MT 291 203 264 217 DB 264 217 264 203 DL 291 217 264 217 DL 291 203 291 217 DL 264 203 291 203 DL 291 203 MT 1 8 CO 297 216 MT 297 216 MT 15 ST (Rank 2)0 0 0 2 SH 0 FP 1 6 CO 347 203 MT 373 203 347 217 DB 347 217 347 203 DL 373 217 347 217 DL 373 203 373 217 DL 347 203 373 203 DL 373 203 MT 1 6 CO 380 216 MT 380 216 MT 15 ST (Rank 3)0 0 0 2 SH 15 6 CO [] 0 SD .75 LW 15 15 CO 0 FP showpage restore %%Trailer #b$ddBIKER.EPS6,y3 X Ԏ: Motivations for MountainBiking.$""""e"$BIKER FOCUSIndividuals may also differ in their motivations between rides. Each person has a set of motivations that can be adapted to optimise the opportunities and resources available to them at the time. Individuals may have different motivations for mountainbiking at different times, depending on the group they are with and how they feel at the time.  V% bquotesii... if you feel like going slow and stopping and looking at the scenery then you can and if you feel like pushing yourself hard you can really have a hard workout.  V' And that s the same as tramping where you can put your head down and go for it.c'quotesƃ"i Many respondents indicated that their motivations are influenced by the people or group with whom they go biking. The role of the group is also important in tramping. Experienced trampers go on easier, more social trips with friends who are less0,Z0..""0 experienced than themselves, and go on more challenging trips with friends who are experienced (Barker, 1989). Overall, however, motivations for tramping and walking differ as indicated by the varying patterns in TRAMPER FOCUSFigure 19 and BIKER FOCUSFigure 20. The most important focus for trampers was to enjoy beautiful scenery (82 per cent considered this option one of their three main reasons for tramping), while, for bikers, physical exercise is the most frequently checked option. khead3  P #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.1 Physical Fitness @head3# o\  PC+XP# Mountainbikers are concerned with their physical fitness. Some bikers train two hours a day during the week and race or do long training rides at weekends. Others go out occasionally when they have been unable to do other favourite activities. In all cases, people who ride mountainbikes offroad are physically very fit and mountainbiking is often cited as a good way to keep fit. Physical exercise is also ranked highly as a motivation for tramping. khead3  P_ #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.2 Excitement / Thrills @head3# o\  PC+XP#  X Many people (both bikers and nonbikers) mentioned a fun factor in mountainbiking.  X One mountainbiker described mountainbiking as a drug. The drug is the speed that is reached going downhill. For Mary, mountainbiking was the first physical activity that she had ever done. When a close friend introduced her to mountainbiking, she loved speeding downhill and, from there, her involvement grew:  V9$ bquotesiiI used to hate it I used to have this love hate thing. I used to love it when I got to the top, and when I was going downhill, but going up ... it was so hard. But now I really just love it. I ve got a new bike and even when I m going uphill I  V& really enjoy it.'quotesƃ"i  X( About ten mountainbikers added for the thrill to the bottom of their list of motivations and ranked it as one of their three main reasons for mountainbiking. Had this been one of the supplied answers, it may have figured more prominently in the data. Interviewees,+Z0.. like the two above, often mentioned thrills and excitement as an important part of mountainbiking. Excitement stems from the sensation of speed and the adrenalin rush that the danger inspires. The danger is very real. One respondent spent a week in hospital after a crash. While the risk is not at the same level that might be attributed to some alpine climbing,  X it provides a range of thrill levels. khead3  Pb #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.3 Challenge and Skill"@head3# o\  PC+XP# Overcoming technical challenges can also be exciting in itself as Jo indicated:  V bquotesii... to me it s when I m coming up to something and it s steep and I get down it ... and you ve got to hang right off the back and you re really on the brakes,  Vz and that to me is a buzz and I get all excited about it!t'quotesƃ"i Mountainbiking provides for challenge at many levels. What is challenging for one person may go unnoticed by others a fact that is reflected in the organisation of the New Zealand race series. Mary, a novice, feels challenged to compete in a higher race class in the next season, or to make herself ride to the top of the hill without stopping on her training run. Riders who have been mountainbiking for a few years, might have their sights set on the world championships or a particularly difficult technique, like riding down steep hill sides or over large rocks. People most enjoy the level of riding that challenges them personally. Mary described her experience trying to get up the courage to get over a rock that she had previously found impossible to bike over:  V! bquotesiiI kept going up to it and stopping and going back. Last time I thought OK I m going to do it , and I went over it ... and I did it and then I kept wanting to do it  V# ԩ and the smile on my face. I ve never been so happy in my whole life.'quotesƃ"i Challenges thus provide feelings of personal satisfaction and achievement when they are overcome. khead3  P|) #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.4 Flow@head3# o\  PC+XP# There are obvious elements of Csikszentmihalyi's flow experiences coming through in the descriptions of the respondents above. Both tramping and mountain biking are good,Z0.. flow activities (that is, activities that produce flow experiences). For trampers, flow might arise from the overwhelming impact of the natural environment, the physical effort required, or the social interaction with companions. There is also much enjoyment in the feeling of freedom gained from being in the outdoors, away from the pressures of living in the city, and from learning about aspects of the environment. Mountainbiking seems to offer a higher level of physical challenge to those who are fit and enjoy the challenge of learning new skills, as well as many opportunities for more appreciative experiences. The myriad of technical moves, the thrills, and the physical challenges associated with  X mountainbiking make it an activity that lends itself to the flow experience. Riders are always riding to improve and extend their boundaries and the boundaries appear to be limitless, as George commented.  V bquotesii... because our fitness level and our skill level keep going up, we're now doing, in a day, what we used to do in two ... when the skill level comes up, they become rideable and they become enjoyable. I've got a friend and he's doing things and  Vc riding sections of track that people wouldn't think you could ride ...] 'quotesƃ"i For those bikers who are not trampers, the focus of mountainbiking even on a recreational ride is strongly centred around improving technique and enjoying the company of others. Many are as happy riding through pine trees as bush, suggesting that the physical challenges of the surroundings are more important than their aesthetic qualities. khead3  P! #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.5 Mode of Experience#@head3# o\  PC+XP#  X" In general, most tramperonly respondents had a setting focus, whereas bikers generally  Xh$ had an activity focus. Some of the differences in the samples may reflect the different ages of the two groups. However, the interview data indicate that people, who both tramp and mountainbike, have a slightly different set of motivations for each activity. Paul, for example, enjoyed tramping for;  V* bquotesiigetting into the mountains and getting away from all the hassles of city life and the fact that you're in beautiful scenery and it's a neat feeling of achievement, getting some place and ... the primeval aspect of getting back to the basic things of food,  V- shelter and warmth ... and also it is a very social thing.;&'quotesƃ"i-Z0..ԌIn comparison, he said;  V bquotesii... mountainbiking is a very physical, cardiovascular sport and that s good because it s good for training. But the other great thing is that it s got an amazing sensation of speed and there s quite a lot of skill required, so it s a sport that combines quite a lot of things. It reminds me in a lot of ways of ... the downhill bits of skiing [amongst] trees overseas ... it's really that combination of  V0 eye and judgement and body coordination plus the fitness aspect.O('quotesƃ"i Similarly, Karen said;  Vv bquotesiiI ll often go to the same place on a bike and tramping and they re such totally different experiences. The bike experience is exciting and dangerous and it s the thrill of the moment and you don t really have much time to appreciate the surroundings except in as much as they provide obstacles which you need to preserve your life over ... whereas for tramping there is ... that sense of peace  V and tranquillity that you get from being in the bush ...*'quotesƃ"i Additionally, most interview respondents indicated that their motivations for biking were many and varied. While mountainbiking causes them to interact differently with the environment, their surroundings are still very important. Karen, a regular tramper, after commenting that biking made her see the bush as a contest, said:  V2 bquotesii... on the other hand, I like to be in the bush or I like to be where there s a pleasant outlook and a nasty four wheel drive track through interminable farm  V country doesn t appeal to me at all..'quotesƃ"i Bob also felt that surroundings were important and that being relegated to gravel roads and four wheel drive tracks was unacceptable:  V bquotesiiI get very agitated when people start advocating four wheel drive roads and what is second rate country. Sure if part of what we have to ride on is all conifers and exotic plantations fine but we will not lie down and let people deny us areas like the Heaphy ... 'There are thousands of kilometres of gravel roads in New Zealand': I reckon most of that comes from people that haven t done much  Xz! cycling0'quotes.ƃ"i khead3  P $ #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.6 Appreciation2@head3# o\  PC+XP# A few bikers have a distinct setting focus. For Tracey, an older rider, her bike was a  XP' way to enjoy the natural environment, the bush and the views that she came across en  X( route:  V* bquotesiiI stop and look and appreciate the bush and the birds ... I could be going round some bays and I come to a lovely lookout and I'll just stop and look; or I see this neat patch of bush and I get a bit closer and realise it's a reserve. I tie up the bike and go and have a look in the reserve, so my mountain-biking is sometimes aY-Z0.. means to an end to get to locations but certainly it's a way of appreciating the nice  V environment ... 4'quotesƃ"i The sentiments of this woman indicate that people can adopt an appreciative approach to mountainbiking. While trampers and bikers differ significantly in their focus at present, the interview data indicate that this interpretation may be complicated by the age differences between the two populations. khead3  P #:x2p}wC iX#4.3.10.7 Changing Focus with Age and/or Experience-8@head3# o\  PC+XP# The age difference between the tramper and biker samples may be a factor in the significantly different motivations recorded between the two groups. Many older interview respondents noted a change in approach towards the outdoors over time. Experienced trampers in my sample noted that while they still enjoy challenging tramping and climbing trips, they can now equally enjoy easier trips where they focus on their surroundings at a more leisurely pace. This conversation that occurred during an interview with one couple illustrates the point;  V bquotesiiA: I ve done a lot of alpine tramping so now it doesn t worry me. I think it s  V just more to be out of town. j;'quotesƃ"i  V bquotesiiB: He s changed. I think you ve reached the stage where not everything has to be  V a fullon trip and you can just go for recreation.<'quotesƃ"i  V1 bquotesiiA: Yeh, I just like wandering around if it s in the hills: that can be on the Peninsula or anywhere. We re blessed with nice places in New Zealand a lack  V of people and nice places.='quotesƃ"i From another interview;  VI! bquotesiiSo do you think there has been a change in your focus or motivation?(?'quotesƃ"i  V" bquotesiiI think it has always been there but I ve probably become more conscious of it. I think more deeply about it, so I guess the change that has occurred is just thinking  V$ about what it means to me.?'quotesƃ"i Thus with age and/or experience (or possibly something of both), it seems that there is a shift of focus in the way individuals approach recreation over time. /head2,Z0..Ԍ W #2p}wC9#4.3.11 Past Experience and Relationship to PlaceAj+head2#o\  PC+XP# Some trampers mentioned that when they were younger, their focus was on covering country, walking faster or running down hills, thus their focus was similar to that of mountainbikers. Sam described his past;  V bquotesiiI used to do silly things like I d run down hill sides and stuff, but I find I can t do it now and I don t think I would because it is a bit risky ... you re on the limit your senses are alert to everything ... it s a full body experience ... you ve got to look at where you place your feet at least 3 or 4 steps ahead ... you re really in the moment. I m in my 30s now and I m not as fit as I was in my teens or twenties. I have different goals before I used to cover country now I look more,  V> I see the details more ...C'quotesƃ"i This change in awareness is similar to that recorded by Simmons and Devlin (1982) in their survey of recreational hunters. Hunters changed from focusing mainly on killing an animal when they first began, through to focusing more on the enjoyment of being in the outdoor environment. Thus, with experience, people move from what Jacob and  Xm Schreyer (1980) call an activity focus, through to a setting focus, or from Moore and  X Graefe's (1994) utilityoriented place dependence through to a more emotional place  X identity. With experience and /or age people's relationship with recreational places changes to become more personalised, and perhaps, more caring. Of importance is the fact that people need to spend time interacting with a place to develop strong feelings about it. As one respondent noted of the Port Hills:  V! bquotesiiwell it s got personal associations, so there s a history there in a sense ... my  Vz" own history.NJ'quotesƃ"i Without exception, the people that conveyed the strongest feelings about the Port Hills were those who had the longest associations with them. Charles a male in his 70s said of the Port Hills:  V) bquotesii... to me it s sacred land you see. In my life time I lived in Lyttelton, I was brought up there [and] I can remember the Port Hills when the Summit Road wasn t there. It was just a walking track ... and the road went in during the Depression ... the patches of bush are beautiful ... In the bluffs under Mount Pleasant, we used to play as kids. There s caves and tremendous fern life up  V- there.L'quotesƃ"i-Z0..ԌAs with this person, those in the older age group have had a longer time to learn about the history, flora and fauna of the area. This knowledge, combined with the development of a personal history in the place, add up to a strong relationship with that place. This relationship may come from direct personal experience in the place, but it can also be mediated through the experiences and knowledge of other people. The following quote hints at this:  V bquotesiiI remember when I was climbing at Mountain Cook when I was younger ... I was there to do peaks; I mean I didn't even know it was a national park, but if somebody was to sit down with me and say, well ... this is a beautiful place. Do you like being here? What is it about this place that you really like about it? Are you going to come back? Why are you going to come back? Those would have  X_ been triggers I think [to facilitate my awareness]7P'quotes.ƃ"i In addition, my own appreciation of the Port Hills grew substantially through exploring what they meant to my interviewees. However, in both cases, the individuals concerned had personally visited the areas in question.  X In comparison, those with little or no experience in the area felt no such appreciation, regardless of age. One very experienced male outdoors enthusiast in his forties, who did not live in Christchurch (and so had spent little time on the Port Hills), said of the Port Hills: B   V bquotesii... to me they re a barren sort of lump.Tquotesƃ"i The role of experience in the development of a sense of place is important because so many mountainbikers are young people who, by definition, do not have much personal history in any place. This development of place identity will only occur through interaction with that place, and, for many, the only interaction they get will be through mountainbiking. The difficulty lies in finding the balance between the use needed to develop this sense of place, and the use level that will eventually destroy the spirit of the place. /head2-Z0..Ԍ W #2p}wC9#4.3.12 Mode of Experience and ConflictnWj+head2#o\  PC+XP# Jacob and Schreyer (1980) predicted that individuals with a setting focus (or a more affective sense of place) will be more prone to goal interference than those with an activity focus. As indicated in the following quote, this appears to be the case.  V bquotesiiI don t mind [mountainbikes] out in the open where you can rush across tracks and all the rest of it, but to me, to see mountainbikes hooning through bush is almost sacrilege. I think if they want to go into the bush, they should walk through the bush so that they can enjoy the complexity and delicacy of it rather than just  VY ride roughshod over it.Y'quotesƃ"i Many walkeronly respondents spoke similarly, indicating that even evidence of mountainbikes in an area considered unsuitable for them, can impact on the recreational experiences of these people. Bryan (1979) suggested that much conflict in the outdoors could be explained by differences in specialisation. He hypothesised that more specialised recreationists will be more sensitive to the quality of their recreation setting (or be more setting focused) and, therefore, will find it more difficult to satisfy their recreational needs. This hypothesis would be well supported if the tramperonly respondents were considered specialised recreationists. In fact, according to Bryan (1979) most of these individuals are unspecialised trampers because they seldom go tramping overnight and seldom venture off formed tracks. In comparison, it seems that many of the individuals that Bryan would consider more specialised trampers, are found riding mountainbikes on the Port Hills, apparently with an activity focus. /head2  W& #2p}wC9#4.3.13 Specialisation_j+head2#o\  PC+XP# Specialisation theory appears to be of limited use in understanding conflict between mountainbikers and trampers, however, with some modification, it can be made more so. Barker (1989) identified three factors that could be used to measure an individual s level, Z0.. of specialisation. These were commitment (in terms of money, effort and competence); source of information; and experience. In the light of these findings, it appears that many frontcountry users may actually be as specialised or more specialised than the backcountry ones. Many of the frontcountry users I spoke to spend much time on the Port Hills maintaining and building walking tracks, and working to improve access for other walkers. They are directly involved with setting aside land for conservation purposes. A tremendous amount of voluntary time goes into projects such as tree planting, or negotiating to buy land through the Summit Road Society. Additionally, these same people are often up walking and exploring the hills. Many of these individuals are retired and walking has become a central life interest. In short the commitment, knowledge and experience of these people makes them highly specialised in their own right. However, their specialisation is defined in relation to particular places (for example, the Port Hills) or types of places (for example, frontcountry areas). /head2  W #2p}wC9#4.3.14 Specialisation into Placeej+head2#o\  PC+XP# Each of the three factors that Barker (1989) identified as measures of specialisation can be related to places. People may be committed to using the Port Hills, for example, but put little money or effort into visiting national parks. They may know much about the Port Hills and have had much experience there, but have little knowledge or experience in other places. Therefore, people can become specialised in the use of certain specific  X% places, or even certain general types of place. The same could be said of specialised backcountry users. For many backcountry specialists, frontcountry areas may have little value compared with backcountry areas. The frontcountry is a substitute or exercise area for those times when they cannot get- Z0.. into their favourite places. To a backcountry tramper (or a tramping specialist as Bryan (1979) defines them), the frontcountry is less pristine, more crowded, and less challenging than, for example, a wilderness area in a national park. Because of its lower values, it is an appropriate place for mountainbiking or jogging; activities that focus less on the small things in an area. Trampers who bike focus on the scenery when they are tramping, but they are unlikely to use frontcountry areas for tramping. Instead they bike and focus more on getting exercise, or on learning new riding techniques. In comparison, frontcountry specialists place a high value on frontcountry areas and feel that mountainbiking is highly inappropriate there. This sense of inappropriateness is reflected in many of the quotes throughout this paper and in the tone of the antimountainbike lobby. Therefore, the different values that each group attributes to the resources that they share are, important factors in the conflict between the two groups. It could be argued that backcountry specialists are still more specialised than frontcountry users (as Bryan suggests), as they have experience in the different types of resource, whereas frontcountry specialists only know the frontcountry. However, amongst my interview respondents and amongst those I spoke to informally, there were some individuals who had extensive experience in backcountry tramping, but who are now unable to participate in that mode because of physical fitness. As these people have aged, their ability to do physically difficult trips in the backcountry has decreased, so the frontcountry mode has been substituted over time. It appears that, they have adapted to this constraint by becoming frontcountry specialists. Overall, therefore, some frontcountry specialists may have had as much, or more, backcountry experience than today's backcountry specialists. >+ Z0..ԌWhile specialisation appears intuitively useful for understanding some conflict situations, it is too narrow in its scope. Individuals come upon a range of constraints, as they move through the life course, which affect recreational participation. It appears that, rather than a one way progression, specialisation may be more useful as a concept if it looks at recreation in the context of other aspects of life including family, work and age, all of which constrain individuals' participation in recreational activities. The suggested model (see Figure 3 in Chapter 2) might be useful if looking at recreationists of a similar age, however, as demonstrated, it fails in wider context. This deficiency is significant when looking at participation amongst older people, who have more time to develop their recreational activities as a central life interest, but who may also be more constrained by their physical fitness. /head2  W #2p}wC9#4.3.15 MountainBiking and Place Identityguj+head2#o\  PC+XP# The description of running downhill given earlier was similar to the way many bikers described mountainbiking. While younger trampers in the past may have had very different foci to their older counterparts, there was not the same propensity to perceive them as different. Without this perception of difference, there was little likelihood of conflict developing, in spite of the different values each group may have ascribed to the resource. The similarities between the way many trampers described their early tramping experiences and the way mountainbikers describe their experiences, implies that the two populations may not be as different in outlook as they currently seem. It is feasible to suggest that mountainbiking could provide a startingoff point for the development of the appreciation shown by the more specialised frontcountry users. However, it is difficult to say whether this appreciation will be reflected by future use of  X* these places for walking rather than riding. Whatever eventuates will depend on how bikers are affected by the life cycle, their work patterns, and the opportunities available1, Z0.. for a range of different experiences. Providing for a wide variety of experiences, therefore, must remain a priority for recreation managers. Today's mountainbikers could easily become tomorrow's walkers and then they might be glad of a few places free from bikes! /head2  W. #2p}wC9#4.3.16 Walkers' Experiences of Meeting MountainBikers|j+head2#o\  PC+XP# Overall, walkers disliked meeting mountainbikes on tramping tracks. Meetings are unpleasant for several reasons including personal safety (which was rated the second most common problem with mountainbiking after environmental damage; see HATEFigure 18), and the intrusion of bikes into the feeling of freedom or wilderness that many get from walking through quiet areas.  V) bquotesiiI felt that somehow the sanctuary had been invaded, that here we were walking  V along, and more intrusive people came people that needed to be accommodated. Bc ~'quotesƃ"i Both bikers and runners require accommodating. Walkers feel they have to move out of the way for the faster moving users and the psychological costs of not doing so are usually too high to allow most walkers to hold their ground. Some others mentioned that the feeling of wilderness disappears when they come face to face with a bicycle which  X should be on the road. As one male tramper in his 40 s commented in his questionnaire;  V bquotesiiMountainbiking problems: the intrusion of technology, i.e. meeting four wheel  V! drives or mountainbikes removes the wilderness feel of areas visited.Ё'quotesƃ"i Many walkers I spoke to mentioned that they had been frightened or shocked by the sudden appearance of a mountainbike coming round a blind corner. As one woman put it;  V) bquotesiiI was wandering along in my own little world and WHACK! along came a  V* mountainbike.'quotesƃ"i* Z0..ԌThe obvious intrusion of the bike was well illustrated her body language and intonation indicated the meeting had felt like a physical jolt. Although mountainbikers may have had frights which detract from their enjoyment, noone said they had experienced them, and few thought they would ruin the ride. This feeling that the meeting is more traumatic for the walker than the biker (on the whole) was confirmed in the following discussion between two recreationists who regularly participated in both walking and biking.  V' bquotesiiIt would spoil my stroll if someone came hooning past on a mountainbike a lot more than for the mountainbiker meeting a person on the track ... in fact you don t walk to dodge the mountainbikers. cc ƃ"i iiƃ"i iiNo you don t, but you can go mountainbiking to dodge the people in some  Vz respect they re another obstacle.ˆ'quotesƃ"i /head2  W #2p}wC9#4.3.18 Experience Stylesʈj+head2#o\  PC+XP# Mountainbiking and tramping have very different experience styles. A respondent with a large repertoire of outdoor activities reflected on what the different activities felt like;  V bquotesiiI do kayaking for a reactive sport it s a reactive thing like rock climbing whereas tramping is much more of a slow, it s happening sort of thing ... Mountainbiking  Xv is another reaction sport'quotes.ƃ"i Mountainbiking requires that riders concentrate on what lies ahead so that they can react quickly to each obstacle and negotiate it safely. When seen in this light, a tramper or  X# another biker may fit into the riding experience as another obstacle to react to. I am not saying that all bikers are using trampers as moving obstacles, but I am saying that sudden, unexpected meetings are more easily incorporated into the biking experience than into the walking experience. Walking is a low intensity experience where the enjoyment is in being able to relax and enjoy the scenery or even one s own day dreams without having to concentrate. As one young male put it;H+Z0..Ԍ V bquotesii... your brain when you re doing low intensity things like even cycling on the road, swimming, running and tramping ... your brain can switch off and think about other things and somebody could be dreaming away quite happily thinking about whatever you re into thinking about and suddenly there s this mountainbiker coming down on you at 30 miles and hour "wham!" and that could annoy you  V a bit, I suppose.'quotesƃ"i To be forced to avoid a fast moving bike stops that feeling of relaxation. Another person compared this feeling to cycling on the road;  V bquotesiiI d say a mountainbiker coming towards you on a track is exactly the same as a truck going past you while you re on a bicycle on the road, in that you re not in control I guess it s the truck driver that can hit or miss you it s not you that s  V in control.'quotesƃ"i /head2  W6 #2p}wC9#4.3.19 Role of Control0j+head2#o\  PC+XP# Perceived control is the common element in all these comments. Without it, people worry that something nasty could happen at any time. Thus, it is unnecessary for a walker to actually meet, or collide with, a fast moving mountainbike for them to feel unsettled. All that is required is the threat of a collision which is beyond their control. Such a threat can prevent walkers from relaxing and being able to direct their attention towards more interesting things. cB  There are some ways to increase the control that people feel. A wide track with good visibility, for example, allows walkers to anticipate a meeting allowing the tramper some perceived control over the situation. Meetings on narrow tracks are thus the most unnerving for trampers because there is little warning of approaching bikers. In a sense, it is this very same lack of warning that many mountainbike riders find attractive about narrow tracks. Because they cannot see too far ahead and must concentrate fully to react appropriately to upcoming obstacles, narrow tracks provide the most challenging riding. ,Z0..ԌOlder trampers often have slower reaction times, less balance and less acute hearing. All these factors contribute to the lack of perceived control that they have when they meet bikes. The situation is more threatening to users that cannot move to areas that are less suitable for bikes. These are often the users who are most negatively affected by mountainbikes. Wellgraded tracks are limited in number, and these users do not like using the rougher tracks that are less popular with bikers. In trying to escape the danger and the lack of control that bikers feel on roads, bikers have made walkers feel similarly vulnerable on walking tracks. These are things that many younger bikers could not understand or had not thought of. In some ways, trampers  preoccupations with track damage have focused the argument away from these issues. Many bikers think that if a track can withstand bike use, then it must be alright to ride on it. In reality, this is not the point at all. Older trampers may be less fit, less able to walk on rough tracks, or looking for tracks on which they can walk without having to concentrate on placing their feet carefully. They may want to focus on other aspects of the walk such as the scenery or their companions. These particular walkers will, therefore, favour smooth, well built, well graded tracks; the same tracks which bikers feel are alright to use because they will withstand the rigours of bike use. Not only are bikers more likely to use these well made tracks, but the walkers that favour the use of those tracks are the ones that are most affected by meeting bikes. /head2  WL# #2p}wC9#4.3.20 Section Summaryj+head2#o\  PC+XP# The opinions of the individuals contacted during the course of this study confirm the existence of conflict between bikers and walkers. However, when compared with other recreational conflicts such as those between crosscountry skiers and snowmobilers, it appears that there is generally more tolerance between trampers and bikers, perhaps because of the existence of a substantial group who participate in both activities.-,Z0..ԌThere are distinct differences in the way trampers (as a whole) rank motivations for tramping compared with the way bikers rank motivations for biking. Physical exercise, for example, is more important for those who are mountainbiking, but this may also reflect mountainbiking's success as a substitute for activities such as tramping and kayaking. Overall, the mixture of motivations for tramping and biking are similar. The difference lies in the way these motivations are prioritised. The two groups attribute different values to the outdoor resources that they share. This appears to come partly from differences in experience, or personal history in a particular place. Younger recreationists view a place in terms of utility, while those who have used the place for longer are more likely to be more personally attached to it. The different values may also spring, in part, from an individual's ability to compare that place with others that they use. Experienced backcountry trampers, for example, may view frontcountry areas as less pristine and wild than the backcountry areas in which they tramp. In comparison, frontcountry users may not have had the experience in backcountry areas to make this comparison, or they may no longer be able to use backcountry areas, so the comparison means little. Thus, specialised frontcountry users have very different attitudes towards environmental quality in the frontcountry than experienced backcountry users. Indications are that backcountry users can develop an appreciation of frontcountry areas as they become more constrained through changes in the life cycle, economic wellbeing or changes in work patterns, although this hypothesised progression really needs further research. A further important element in the conflict is the way the experience of a particular activity can incorporate or accommodate meeting other, different users. In the case of mountainbikers and trampers, this explains the asymmetrical nature of the conflict. For trampers, meeting a mountainbiker intrudes strongly into the recreational experience ofj,Z0.. walking, while for bikers, meeting a tramper is easily incorporated into the experience of biking. In addition, once a tramper has been surprised by a biker, the expectation of meeting another can affect the whole outing. For older trampers, on narrow tracks, with blind corners, it can be unsettling to be worried about having to move quickly to avoid a fast moving bike. Therefore, the walking experience can be disrupted even when there is no meeting. 0chead1  _t #2p}wC #4.4 Behaviourͫ0[head1#o\  PC+XP# The third side of the Galtung triangle (1971, cited in Bercovitch, 1984) is behaviour. Behaviour both causes, and is caused by the development of attitudes and opinions as well as the overall situation. The encroachment of mountainbikers onto walking tracks  X has threatened trampers' ability to get away from it all. While mountainbikers appear to have the most control over the field situation, it appears that trampers as a group have the most control in the political arena. As the conflict has developed, trampers have moved to get bikers excluded from as many places as possible, thus threatening bikers' access to desired recreational experiences. It is this political behaviour that has evened up the conflict, so that now mountainbikers can be found lobbying and developing negative attitudes towards trampers. These negative attitudes are evident in !MT BIKERS THOUGHTSFigure 17! (presented in section 4.3.6) where the second most frequently suggested reason for the conflict was that trampers disliked mountainbikers because they are arrogant, and so intolerant of other, different users. /head2  W$ #2p}wC9#4.4.1 Political Activity(j+head2#o\  PC+XP# The political activity surrounding mountainbiking, particularly in the Christchurch area, has made many mountainbikers feel negatively about walkers. This observation is similar to the situation described by Jackson and Wong (1982), where the political actions of crosscountryskiers threatened politically inactive snowmobilers, who2,Z0.. originally felt no animosity towards them. Thus, the conflict between the two groups became symmetrical. The original asymmetrical nature of this conflict can also be explained by the idea of perceived control in the field that has helped understanding in the mountainbiker tramper case. Perceived control of political outcomes is the underlying factor in the animosity that political activity fosters. The increase in popularity that mountainbiking has had over recent years has left administering bodies trying to control the invasion. Unfortunately, many authorities have closed tracks off to bikes, as evidenced in many of the popular articles on mountainbiking. Baker (1990) mentions that mountainbikers are a younger, more transient group of people who are not inclined to lobby in the same way as the trampers in the older age group. This lack of political will has been cited as a disadvantage in overseas situations and many areas in the States are now offlimits to bikers because of it. This difference seems to exist in the Canterbury area, where a small group of bikers are up against large numbers of retired trampers, who have the time and inclination to lobby administering organisations. In comparison, mountainbikers are younger and have little idea of how these things work. They show little inclination to write letters or make phone calls. It is the teenaged bikers that would be most disadvantaged by closing periurban tracks to bikers as they have little access to transport to other areas. As one  X" teenage respondent said to me, how could I take up kayaking when I have no car and no  X?$ way of getting to [appropriate sites]? Teenagers, however, are also the least inclined, or able, to take part in political arguments. They are also the most likely to ignore restrictions on the use of a track. +Z0..Ԍ W /head2Й#2p}wC9#4.4.2 Organisationj+head2#o\  PC+XP# Bikers are also disadvantaged by their lack of organisation. Mountainbike clubs have small memberships relative to the number of mountainbike owners in New Zealand. The ones that I came in contact with during my research were not interested in politics. In comparison, tramping clubs are large and politically active, although much of the activity can be traced to a few highly active leaders who encourage participation from others in the club. A recurring theme that came from walkers (all in the retired bracket) was that bikers are destroying the tracks that walkers have put in for walkers. Members of the Summit Road society put in many hours each week working on the tracks of the Port Hills, and they are understandably upset when they see their tracks deteriorating because of bicycle traffic. Often walkers suggested that bikers could redeem themselves by putting in some of their own time to help repair the damage they do. Many suggested that bikers should put in their own tracks. Many bikers that I spoke to indicated that they would be happy to go and help, but the group, as a whole, is in need of organisation. I suspect that this verbal support may not be reflected in high turnouts to track working parties for bikers. Overall, because bikers are a younger age group they may not have the time or inclination to go and work in this way. Much of the Summit Road Society s work is done during the week in working hours. This kind of timing would preclude many bikers from participating, as they are either in school or at work at these times. /head2  W% #2p}wC9#4.4.3 Compliancej+head2#o\  PC+XP# Banning bikes from tracks does little to solve the problem. Bikers feel that their sport is a valid activity and that if tracks are shut off, they will just have to ride on them illegally. One female biker in her 30s commented:<+Z0..Ԍ V bquotesiiI m aware that DoC s going to close up even more (tracks) and bikers won t be  X allowed onto them so I m riding them while they re still there'quotes.ƃ"i While this person implies that she will stop riding them when they are closed, many bikers express no such sentiments. Many, in fact, asked how bike bans could be enforced a good question given the present system. Administering bodies need biker's  X voluntary compliance with restrictions that are put in place. While it is unlikely that all bikers will comply all the time, if bikers feel that they do have legal options within easy reach, they are more likely to respect any restrictions. Finding ways of getting the compliance of bikers is important if walkers  enjoyment is to be protected in more developed frontcountry areas. To a large extent, it appears that biker education may help to draw attention to factors such as why trampers dislike meetings. It does appear, however, that some level of enforcement is necessary. Dustin and McAvoy (1984) argue that traffic lights work well because most people feel that they might get prosecuted for disobeying the rules. Similarly compliance on public roads requires the presence of enforcement agencies to work well. Although enforcement in recreation settings may be an anathema to many people, and seems to impinge on people's freedom in recreation, Dustin and McAvoy argue that it actually maintains freedom. Walkers who cannot find a track, where they can be sure they will not meet a mountainbike, do not feel free. /head2  W# #2p}wC9#4.4.4 Access Issuesj+head2#o\  PC+XP# One Summit Road Society member expressed fear that much of the walking access that they had painstakingly negotiated with private landowners over many years, was threatened by the antics of some mountainbikers. Landowners are annoyed by the presence of mountainbikers on their land and this annoyance increases when bikers leave  X+ the track and disturb stock (Banks Peninsula Times, 10th March, 1994). Incidents like these threaten everybody s access to these areas and this fact worries walkers who have-Z0.. put time into negotiating the access and who appreciate how easily it could be taken away.  X The release of Classic Mountainbike Rides in New Zealand has irritated Port Hills farmers. Unfortunately, the book was published a little too quickly and, in some cases, it has omitted to state that bikers should ask permission before using routes over private land. Politically astute bikers felt that these kinds of things presented problems for people who are working to get better access for bikers. In the absence of anything else, many bikers use the book to find new rides that they can try. Many are not aware of these problems and, even if signs are put up at the beginning of a track, that may not be enough to stop them using it. For anyone who has biked a long way to get to the end of a track, it is very hard to turn around and abort the trip. Walkers usually drive to the end of tracks and so find it relatively easy to move to another track, if that one is closed. However, if a track is closed to bikers, the effort and time required to ride to another track may be too much. If this is so, they will continue riding illegally as long as they can get away with it. 0chead1  _ #2p}wC #4.5 Chapter Summary0[head1#o\  PC+XP# Using the Galtung triangle as the basis for organising this chapter, I have documented the macrosociological or objective; the microsociological, or subjective; and the behavioural factors that have important roles in the development of conflict between mountainbikers and trampers. Mountainbikers tend to be younger, male and more experienced in a wider range of activities than trampers. The age difference, in particular, makes interpretation of the differences between the two groups difficult, however, interview data have given clues to which differences might be explained by age.]-Z0..ԌMountainbiking is both a product and a symptom of changing recreation patterns in the New Zealand setting. Some individuals have become specialised mountainbikers, committing a large amount of time, money and effort to their participation. To other people mountainbiking complements their other outdoor activities, and is a substitute for those activities when they are constrained by factors such as weather, time or money.  X/ Mountainbiking thus fills a range of recreational niches which is reflected in its popularity. At the subjective level, mountainbiking and tramping share a similar range of motivations, but people prioritise their motivations for mountainbiking differently to their motivations for tramping. Walkers have a setting focus in their interactions with the recreational resource, while bikers have an activity focus. This point is reflected in walkers' concerns that bikers do not seem to care about the natural environment. It also highlights the varying senses of place that mountainbikers and trampers have about the resources that they share. Trampers' lack of perceived control when they meet mountainbikes detracts from their enjoyment of walking. If they feel they might meet bikes unexpectedly and suddenly, they are less able to relax and attend to their environment in the way they prefer. Bikers have more perceived control of meetings and so are not as upset by meeting trampers, as trampers are by meeting bikers. The asymmetry of the situation has been evened out by trampers' superior organisation and ability in the political arena. Trampers are older, more organised into clubs, and more likely to know how to lobby the authorities, than bikers, which is proving useful in getting bikers excluded from many tracks. At the same time, administering bodies are largely unable to enforce many of the regulations that are put in place which means that the authorities need to work on gaining\-Z0.. the voluntary compliance of mountainbikers which will require that bikers feel included in plans rather than excluded from them. In giving bikers access it is important to remember the different needs that they have compared with walkers. Where many walkers use a car to get to tracks, bikers usually ride to the beginning of a periurban track. Having to travel an extra 10 or 20 kilometres to use a track may be considered too difficult by many bikers particularly the younger ones who appear to have the worst reputations at present.    6&A46&A4LaserI4LASEPS.PRSo\ 6&6&Standardtesc?